Our EECC Program is based on 15 years of evidence
Key Publications
Cost-effectiveness of strategies for caring for critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Tanzania Shah, H.A., Baker, T., Schell, C.O. et al. PharmacoEconomics Open (2023).
Essential Emergency and Critical Care: A Priority for Health Systems Globally. Buowari DY, Owoo C, Gupta L, Schell CO, Baker T. Crit Care Clin. 2022 Oct 1;38(4):639–56.
Essential Emergency and Critical Care – a consensus among global clinical experts. Schell CO, Khalid K, Wharton-Smith A, Oliwa J., Sawe H, Roy N, Sanga A, Marshall JC., Rylance J, Hanson C, Kayambankadzanja RK, Jirwe M, Baker, T. BMJ Glob Health. 2021 Sep;6(9):e006585.
Essential care of critical illness must not be forgotten in the COVID-19 pandemic. Baker T, Schell CO, Petersen DB, Sawe H, Khalid K, Mndolo S, Rylance J, McAuley DF, Roy N, Marshall J, Wallis L, Molyneux E. The Lancet. 2020 Apr 18;395(10232):1253- 1254
The global need for essential emergency and critical care. Schell CO, Gerdin Wärnberg M, Hvarfner A, Höög A, Baker U, Castegren M, Baker T. Critical Care. Oct.2018; 22(1): 284.
Articles about EECC
Essential Emergency and Critical Care, Schell CO, Khalid K, Baker T, in Hospitals in Health Systems : Opportunities for Efficient, High-quality, and Integrated Care (English), pp. 169-177. Chopra M; Hou X; Nimako KT, Roder-Dewan, S. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group (2024).
Health care workers’ experiences of calling-for-help when taking care of critically ill patients in hospitals in Tanzania and Kenya. Mkumbo, E.G., Willows, T.M., Odongo Onyango, O. et al. BMC Health Serv Res 24, 821 (2024).
Capability to identify and manage critical conditions: effects of an interprofessional training intervention. Santesson, I., Schell, C.O. & Bjurling-Sjöberg, P. BMC Med Educ 24, 584 (2024).
Improving The Care of Critically Ill Patients: Lessons Learned from The Promotion of Essential Emergency and Critical Care In Tanzania: A Qualitative Study. Kaliza A, Mlunde L, Schell CO, Khalid K, Sawe H et al. medRxiv 2024.05.24.24307887
The hospital burden of critical illness across global settings: a point-prevalence and cohort study in Malawi, Sri Lanka and Sweden. Otto Schell, Raphael Kayambankadzanja, Abigail Beane, Andreas Wellhagen, et al. PREPRINT. medRxiv 2024.03.14.24304275
Critical Care Beyond the ICU – What Is Essential? Muzuka A, Kaliza A, Moll V. ASA Monitor March 2024, Vol 88, 20-21.
Hospital readiness for the provision of care to critically ill patients in Tanzania– an in-depth cross-sectional study. Khalid, K., Schell, C.O., Oliwa, J. et al. BMC Health Serv Res 24, 182 (2024).
Strategies for Oxygen Ecosystems in Middle-Income Countries: A Review and Case Study from Lebanon. Tim Baker, Claudio Gatti, Guido Rossini et al,, Emergency Medicine International, vol. 2024, Article ID 9964636, 8 pages, 2024.
The burden of critical illness among adults in a Swedish region—a population based point-prevalence study. Schell, C.O., Wellhagen, A., Lipcsey, M. et al. Eur J Med Res 28, 322 (2023).
Critical illness at the emergency department of a Tanzanian national hospital in a three-year period 2019–2021 Mboya, E.A., Ndumwa, H.P., Amani, D.E. et al. BMC Emerg Med 23, 86 (2023).
A health systems approach to critical care delivery in low-resource settings: a narrative review Spencer, S.A., Adipa, F.E., Baker, T. et al Intensive Care Med 49, 772–784 (2023).
Essential Emergency and Critical Care as a health system response to critical illness and the COVID19 pandemic: What does it cost? Guinness L, Kairu A, Kuwawenaruwa A, Khalid K, Awadh K, Were V, et al. Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation. 2023;21(1):15.
Same label, different patients: health-workers’ understanding of the label ‘critical illness’. Mkumbo E, Mulenga Willows T, Onyango O, Khalid K, Maiba J, Schell CO, Oliwa J, McKnight J, Baker T. Frontiers of Health Services 2023; 3.
Global Critical Care: A Call to Action. Crawford AM, Shiferaw AA, Ntambwe P, Milan AO, Khalid K, Rubio R, Nizeyimana F, Ariza F, Mohammed AD, Baker T, Banguti PR, Madzimbamuto F. Critical Care 2023;27(1):28.
Essential Emergency and Critical Care: Improving the care of all critically ill patients worldwide. Ntogwiachu D, Baker T. World Anaesthesia News. 2022;July 22(1):6-9.
Resource use, availability and cost in the provision of critical care in Tanzania: a systematic review. Kazibwe J, Shah HA, Kuwawenaruwa A, Schell CO, Khalid K, Tran PB, Ghosh S, Baker T, Guinness L., BMJ open. 2022;12(11):e060422.
Towards definitions of critical illness and critical care using concept analysis. Kayambankadzanja R., Schell CO, Wärnberg MG, Tamras T, Mollazadegan H, Holmberg M, Molsted Alvesson H. & Baker T. BMJ Open 2022, 12(9), e060972.
The State of Critical Care Provision in Low-Resource Environments. Biccard BM, Baker T, Mabedi D, Waweru-Siika W. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2022;134(5):926-9
Unmet need of essential treatments for critical illness in Malawi Kayambankadzanja RK, Schell CO, Mbingwani I, Mndolo SK, Castegren M, Baker T.. PLoS One. 2021 Sep 10;16(9):e0256361.
Oxygen provision to severely ill COVID-19 patients at the peak of the 2020 pandemic in a Swedish district hospital: medical records-based cohort study. Hvarfner A, AlDjaber A, Ekstrom H, Enarsson M, Castegren M, Baker T, Schell CO. PLoS One. 2022 Jan 20;17(1):e0249984.
Emergency and critical care services in Malawi: Findings from a nationwide survey of health facilities. Kayambankadzanja RK, Likaka A, Mndolo SK, Chatsika GS, Umar E, Baker T. Malawi Medical Journal 2020; 32(1): 259-63.
Vital Signs Directed Therapy for the critically ill: improved adherence to the treatment protocol two years after implementation in an intensive care unit in Tanzania. Hvarfner A, Blixt J, Schell CO, Castegren M, Lugazia E, Mulungu M, Litorp H, Baker T. Emergency Medicine International. 2020: 6.
Global Critical Care: add essentials to the roadmap. Schell CO, Beane A, Kazidule R, Khalid K, Haniffa R, Baker T. Annals of Global Health. 2019; 85(1):97 Globalization and Health. 2016;12(1):7.
Vital Signs Directed Therapy: Improving Care in an Intensive Care Unit in a LowIncome Country. Baker T, Schell CO, Lugazia E, Blixt J, Mulungu M, Castegren M, Eriksen J, Konrad D. PLoS One. 2015 Dec 22;10(12):e0144801.
Single Deranged Physiologic Parameters Are Associated With Mortality in a LowIncome Country. Baker T, Blixt J, Lugazia E, et al. Critical Care Medicine. 2015;43(10):2171-2179
Severely deranged vital signs as triggers for acute treatment modifications on an intensive care unit in a low-income country. Schell CO, Castegren M, Lugazia E, Blixt J, Mulungu M, Konrad D, Baker T. BMC Research Notes. 2015;8:313
Critical illness in developing countries: dying in the dark. Baker T, Schultz MJ, Dünser MW. The Lancet 2011 Apr 23;377(9775) (Corr)
Other articles of interest
An Oxygen Supply Is Not Enough: A Qualitative Analysis of a Pressure Swing Adsorption Oxygen Plant Program in Ethiopian Hospitals. Smith V, Changoor A, Rummage S et al.Global Health: Science and Practice Aug 2024, 12 (4) e2300515.
Etiology of hospital mortality in children living in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta analysis. Teresa Kortz et al. Frontiers in Pediatrics 2024;12;2296-2360. Page 4 of 7
The Acute Respiratory Intervention StudiEs in Africa (ARISE-AFRICA) study PROTOCOL. Kwizera A, Kabatoro D, Owachi D, et al. BMJ Open 2024;14:e082223.
Improving effective coverage of medical-oxygen services for neonates and children in health facilities in Uganda: a before–after intervention study. Graham, Hamish R et al.The Lancet Global Health, Volume 12, Issue 9, e1506 - e1516
Family supplemented patient monitoring after surgery (SMARTER): a pilot stepped-wedge cluster-randomised trial. Hewitt-Smith, Adam et al.British Journal of Anaesthesia, Volume 0, Issue 0
Long-term outcomes and associated factors among intensive care unit survivors in a low-income country: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Matovu, H.W., Sendagire, C., Luggya, T.S. et al. BMC Res Notes 17, 215 (2024).
Care of the critically ill begins in the emergency medicine setting. The Critical Care in Emergency Medicine Interest Group. European Journal of Emergency Medicine 31(3):p 165-168, June 2024.
Outcomes after surgery for children in Africa (ASOS-Paeds): a 14-day prospective observational cohort study. Torborg, Alexandra et al. The Lancet, Volume 403, Issue 10435, 1482 – 1492.
Boarding in the emergency department: challenges and mitigation strategies. da Silva Ramos, Fernando J, Freitas, Flavio G.R, Machado, Flavia R. Current Opinion in Critical Care, March 2024.
The Critical Care Anesthesiologist Outside the ICU. Hoyler M, Deshpande R, Moll V, Kaufman M. ASA Monitor April 2024, Vol. 88, 17–18.
Critical Foundations of Care – Global Assumptions Harm Critically Ill Patients. Crawford A, Sheyo N. ASA Monitor March 2024, Vol 88, 15-16.
General ward nurses detection and response to clinical deterioration in three hospitals at the Kenyan coast: a convergent parallel mixed methods study. Mbuthia, N., Kagwanja, N., Ngari, M. et al. BMC Nurs 23, 143 (2024).
The Global Anesthesia Workforce Survey: Updates and Trends in the Anesthesia Workforce. Law, Tyler J., Lipnick, Michael S., Morriss, Wayne, Gelb, Adrian W. et al. Anesthesia & Analgesia, ():10.1213/ANE.0000000000006836, March 12, 2024.
Developing Emergency, Critical and Operative Care (ECO) Services in Ethiopia—A Public Health Priority. Sultan, M., & Laytin, A. Pan African Journal of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, 2(1) 2024.
Implementation of a fast triage score for patients arriving to a low resource hospital in Uganda. Jjukira Vianney, Immaculate Nakitende, Joan Nabiryo et al. African Journal of Emergency Medicine 14,:1:2024, p45-50
The initiative for medical equity and global health (IMEGH) resuscitation training program: A model for resuscitation training courses in Africa. E Tuyishime, A Irakoze, C Seneza et al. African Journal of Emergency Medicine,14:1:2024, p33-37 Page 5 of 7
Emergency care capacity in Sierra Leone: A multicentre analysis. Z Bredow, Z Corbett, M Mohamed et al. African Journal of Emergency Medicine 14:1:2024, p58-64.
Receive, Sustain, and Flow: A simple heuristic for facilitating the identification and treatment of critically ill patients during their hospital journeys. McKnight J, Willows TM, Oliwa J, et al.. J Glob Health. 2023 Dec 22;13:04139.
Third delay in care of critically ill patients: a qualitative investigation of public hospitals in Kenya. Onyango OO, Willows TM, McKnight J, et al. BMJ Open 2024;14:e072341.
Critical care in sub-Saharan Africa, where are we? A review. Tobi, Kingsley Ufuoma; Ogunbiyi, Obashina A. Journal of the West African college of surgeons 14(1):p 1-4, January-March 2024.
Critical care delivery across health care systems in low-income and low-middleincome country settings: A systematic review. Bartlett ES, Lim A, Kivlehan S, Losonczy LI et al. J Glob Health. 2023 Dec 1;13:04141.
Critical care capacity and care bundles on medical wards in Malawi: a cross-sectional study. Connolly, E., Kasomekera, N., Sonenthal, P.D. et al. BMC Health Serv Res 23, 1062 (2023).
Hospital care for critical illness in low-resource settings: lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic. English M, Oliwa J, Khalid K, et al. BMJ Global Health 2023;8:e013407.
Development and delivery of a higher diploma in emergency medicine and critical care for clinical officers in Kenya. Peter Halestrap, David Aliba, George Otieno, B. Jason Brotherton, Hannah W. Gitura, Jonathan E. Matson, Burton W. Lee, Evelyn Mbugua. African Journal of Emergency Medicine 13; 4; 225-229 (2023)
The World Health Assembly resolution on integrated emergency, critical, and operative care for universal health coverage and protection from health emergencies: a golden opportunity to attenuate the global burden of acute and critical illness. The Global Acute Care Advocacy Authors. Intensive Care Med (2023).
Shimber ET. How to Establish and Expand an Intensive Care Unit in a Low- and Middle-Income Country. In: Hardy MA, Hochman BR, editors. Global Surgery: How to Work and Teach in Low- and Middle-Income Countries [Internet] Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2023 [cited 2023 Sep 6]. p. 109–22.
Critical Care Units in Malawi: A Cross-Sectional Study Sonenthal PD, Kasomekera N, Connolly E, Wroe EB, Katete M, Minyaliwa T, et al. Annals of Global Health. 2023 Aug 3;89(1):51.
Policies and resources for strengthening of emergency and critical care services in the context of the global COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya. Oliwa JN, Mazhar RJ, Serem G, Khalid K, Amoth P, et al. PLOS Global Public Health 3(7) (2023) Page 6 of 7
Resuscitation team training in Rwanda: A mixed method study exploring the combination of the VAST course with Advanced Cardiac Life Support training. Tuyishime E, Mossenson A, Livingston P, Irakoze A, Seneza C, Ndekezi JK, et al. Resusc Plus. 2023 Sep 1;15:100415.
Doctors’ experiences of referring and admitting patients to the intensive care unit: a qualitative study of doctors’ practices at two tertiary hospitals in Malawi Gundo R, Kayambankadzanja, RK, Chipeta D, et al BMJ Open 2023; 13:e066620.
Technical innovation in critical care in a world of constraints: lessons from the pandemic. Mekontso Dessap A, Baker T, Godard A et al. Accepted in American Journal of Respiratory And Critical Care Medicine 4th January 2023
Resource availability, utilisation and cost in the provision of critical care in Tanzania: a protocol for a systematic review. Kazibwe J, Shah HA, Kuwawenaruwa A, Schell CO, Khalid K, Tran PB, et al. BMJ open. 2021;11(8):e050881.
Stark choices: exploring health sector costs of policy responses to COVID-19 in low-income and middle-income countries. Torres-Rueda S, Sweeney S, Bozzani F, Naylor NR, Baker T, Pearson C, et al. BMJ Glob Health. 2021;6(12).
Establishment of a high dependency unit in Malawi. Morton B, N Banda, E Nsomba, C Ngoliwa, S Antoine, J Gondwe, F Limbani, MYR Henrion, J Chirombo, Baker T, P Kamalo, C Phiri, L Masamba, T Phiri, KS Mndolo, SB Gordon, J Rylance. BMJ Global Health 2020; 5(11): e004041.
The use of antibiotics in the intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital in Malawi. Kayambankadzanja RK, Lihaka M, Barratt-Due A, Kachingwe M, Kumwenda W, Lester R, Bilima S, Eriksen J, Baker T. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2020.20(1):776
The prevalence and outcomes of sepsis in adult patients in two hospitals in Malawi. Kayambankadzanja RK, Schell CO, Namboya F, Phiri T, Banda-Katha G, Mndolo SK, Bauleni A, Castegren M, Baker T. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2019.
Inability to walk predicts death among adult patients in hospitals in Malawi. Kayambankadzanja,RK, Schell CO, Nsanjama G, Mbingwani I, Mndolo SK, Rylance J, Baker T. Emergency Medicine International. 2019; 5.
Referral and admission to intensive care: a qualitative study of doctors’ practices in a Tanzanian university hospital. Engdahl Mtango S, Lugazia E, Baker U, Johansson Y, Baker T. PLoS One. 2019; 14(10): e0224355.
Critical care of tropical disease in low income countries: Report from the Task Force on Tropical Diseases by the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine. Baker T, Khalid K, Acicbe O, McGloughlin S, Amin P; J Crit Care. 2017 Dec;42:351-354.
Critical care in Malawi: The ethics of beneficence and justice. Manda-Taylor L, Mndolo S, Baker T. Malawi medical journal : the journal of Medical Association of Malawi. 2017;29(3):268-71. Page 7 of 7
Derivation and validation of a universal vital assessment (UVA) score: a tool for predicting mortality in adult hospitalised patients in sub-Saharan Africa Moore CC, Hazard R, Baker T, et al. BMJ Global Health. 2017; 2: e000344
Global Intensive Care Working Group of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Current challenges in the management of sepsis in ICUs in resourcepoor settings and suggestions for the future. Schultz MJ, Dunser MW, Dondorp AM, Adhikari NK, Baker T, et al; Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(5):612-624.
Establishing an Anaesthesia and Intensive Care partnership and aiming for national impact in Tanzania. Ulisubisya M, Jornvall H, Irestedt L, Baker T.
Critical Care in Low-income Countries. Baker T. World Anaesthesia News 2014;July:8-11
Emergency and critical care services in Tanzania: a survey of ten hospitals. Baker T, Lugazia E, Eriksen J, Mwafongo V, Irestedt L, Konrad D. BMC Health Services Research 2013;13:140
Identifying resource needs for sepsis care and guideline implementation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a cluster survey of 66 hospitals in four eastern provinces. Baelani I, Jochberger S, Laimer T, Rex C, Baker T, Wilson IH, et al. Middle East journal of anaesthesiology. 2012;21(4):559-75
Recommendations for sepsis management in resource-limited settings. Dünser MW, Baker T et al. Intensive Care Med. 2012 Apr;38(4):557-74.
Availability of critical care resources to treat patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in Africa: a self-reported, continent-wide survey of anaesthesia providers Baelani I, Baker T et al. Crit Care 2011;15(1):R10
Nationwide survey on resource availability for implementing current sepsis guidelines in Mongolia. Bataar O. Lundeg G. Tsenddorj,G. Jochberger S. Grander W. Baelani I. Wilson I. Baker T. Dünser M. Bull World Health Organ 2010; 88:839–846
Use of an early warning score and ability to walk predicts mortality in medical patients admitted to hospitals in Tanzania. Rylance J, Baker T et al. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009; 103: 790-794
Pediatric emergency & critical care in low-income countries. Baker T. Pediatric Anesthesia 2009;19:23–27
Critical care in low-income countries. Baker T. Trop Med Int Health 2009;14(2):143-8.
Blogs about EECC
Why are we still failing our critically-ill patients? WFSA, 8th June 2022
We Should Prepare for an Omicron COVID-19 Wave by Prioritising Cost Effective Essential Emergency Critical Care Now HA Shah, T Baker, CO Schell, K Khalid, A Kairu, P Baker, J Guzman, L Guinness. Centre for Global Development 6 th December 2021
Essential Emergency and Critical Care (EECC): A new framework for the postCOVID era. Jacquie Oliwa, Alex Njeru. African Health Observatory 7 th August 2021
More than Oxygen Supply: How to Make the Current Global Fund COVID-19 Response Mechanism a Success for Patients. Baker P, Schell CO, Were V, Kairu A, Joachim A, Shah H, Baker T, Guinness L. CGD 24th May 2021
This New Consensus Can Improve Essential COVID-19 Care, and Care for All Critically Ill Patients. Baker T, Schell CO, Khalid K, Kayambankadzanja RK, Oliwa J, Baker P. CGD 13th April 2021
We Can Stop Preventable COVID Deaths by Urgently Prioritising Medical Oxygen and Essential Critical Care. Kazibwe J, Baker P, Baker T, Guinness L, Schell CO, Kayambankadzanja RK, Smith L, Rothkopf A, Glassman A, Yadav P, Shah HA. CGD 9 th February 2021
COVID-19 and Oxygen: Selecting Supply Options in LMICs that Balance Immediate Needs with Long-Term Cost-Effectiveness. Smith L, Baker T, Demombynes G, Yadav P. CGD 5 th May 2020
Strengthening the Basics: Approaches to COVID-19 Care in Low-Resource Settings. Ismail S, Baker T, Baker P, Chalkidou K, Y-Ling C, Sullivan R. Centre for Global Development; 8 th April 2020.
